Krakow Living lab data dashboard

Living Lab

Krakow

Population

809168

Area (km²)

326

Shared Mobility Services in this Living Lab

Carsharing
Bicycle
E-scooter
Micromobility
Ride hailing
Taxi

Policy Measures

Push measures

Push measures are restrictions designed to discourage private car use and reduce car dominance in urban environments.

Congestion charges

Congestion charges

Fees imposed on vehicles entering designated city areas to reduce traffic congestion.

Parking charges

Parking charges

Increased parking fees to discourage long-term car use and promote modal shift.

Limited traffic zone/Pedestrianisation of streets

Limited traffic zone/Pedestrianisation of streets

Car-free or low-emission zones that prioritize pedestrians, cyclists, and shared mobility.

Pull measures

Pull measures are incentives and improvements that make shared mobility and public transport more attractive and accessible.

Scheduling integration in MaaS services

Scheduling integration in MaaS services

Coordinated schedules across transport services to streamline connections.

Ticketing integration in MaaS services

Ticketing integration in MaaS services

Unified or digital ticketing across services to simplify travel.

Improved NSM infrastructure, e.g. bike lanes & "park & ride"

Improved NSM infrastructure, e.g. bike lanes & "park & ride"

New infrastructure like bike lanes, "park & ride" stations to support non-car travel.

On demand vehicle sharing action plan

On demand vehicle sharing action plan

Access to shared vehicles (cars, bikes, e-scooters) on demand via apps or stations.

Improved information about the availability of shared modes

Improved information about the availability of shared modes

Real-time data on vehicle availability and travel options via digital platforms.

Introduction of new NSM services

Introduction of new NSM services

Launch of bike-sharing, scooter-sharing, or other new transport options.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Modal Split
Modal Split in vehicle kilometers
2023
  • Private Car83%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)6%
  • Bus4%
  • E-scooter2%
  • Walking2%
  • Taxi1%
  • Train1%
  • Micromobility1%
  • Ride hailing1%
  • Carsharing0%
  • 2026
  • Private Car45.1%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)20.3%
  • Ride hailing19.7%
  • Taxi5.3%
  • Bus3%
  • Train2.4%
  • Carsharing1.8%
  • Walking1.8%
  • Micromobility0.5%
  • E-scooter0%
  • Modal Split in passenger kilometers
    2023
  • Private Car56%
  • Bus29%
  • Train9%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)3%
  • Taxi1%
  • E-scooter1%
  • Walking1%
  • Micromobility0%
  • Ride hailing0%
  • Carsharing0%
  • 2026
  • Train36.7%
  • Private Car25.3%
  • Bus16.6%
  • Ride hailing8.7%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)7.5%
  • Taxi3%
  • Carsharing1.4%
  • Walking0.7%
  • Micromobility0.2%
  • E-scooter0%
  • Modal Split in trips
    2023
  • Private Car49.9%
  • Bus31%
  • Train9%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)4%
  • Walking3%
  • Taxi1%
  • E-scooter1%
  • Ride hailing1%
  • Micromobility0%
  • Carsharing0%
  • 2026
  • Private Car21.9%
  • 2026
  • Train31.9%
  • Bus15.6%
  • Ride hailing15.2%
  • Bicycle (or e-bike)7.7%
  • Walking3.3%
  • Taxi3.3%
  • Carsharing0.7%
  • Micromobility0.5%
  • E-scooter0%
  • Policies
    Balance of pull - push measures

    planned measures

    1.0x

    Sep 2023
    1.0xin Sep 2023 (0.00x)

    implemented measures

    1.0x

    Mar 2026
    1.0xin Mar 2026 (0.00x)
    Level of completion of SUMP measures
    % of measures completed

    75%

    January 2026

    4% in 2023

    +71.00%
    Number of NSM integrated in the system
    number of services integrated

    2

    January 2026

    2 in 2023

    0.00
    Community Involvement
    number of activities organized

    4

    January 2026

    Transport System - Time
    Perceived door-to-door travel time ratio
    time ratio of NSM+PT over private car

    taxi [off-peak]

    0.7x

    Mar 2026
    0.6xin Sep 2023 (-0.14x)

    public transport [off-peak]

    1.8x

    Mar 2026
    1.9xin Sep 2023 (+0.09x)

    bicycle [off - peak]

    0.8x

    Mar 2026
    0.8xin Sep 2023 (-0.01x)

    taxi [peak]

    0.6x

    Mar 2026
    0.6xin Sep 2023 (-0.04x)

    public transport [peak]

    1.4x

    Mar 2026
    1.4xin Sep 2023 (+0.03x)

    bicycle [peak]

    0.5x

    Mar 2026
    0.5xin Sep 2023 (-0.03x)
    Actual door-to-door travel time
    time ratio of NSM+PT over private car

    car-sharing only

    1.1x

    Jan 2026
    1.1xin Sep 2023 (+0.05x)

    micro-mobility only

    0.9x

    Jan 2026
    1.1xin Sep 2023 (+0.19x)

    public Transport only

    1.3x

    Jan 2026
    1.6xin Sep 2023 (+0.33x)

    public transport and ride-hailing or shuttle services

    1.2x

    Jan 2026
    Transport System - Safety/Comfort
    Perceived safety diff
    safety levels (from -5 to 5)

    personal safety diff - taxi

    -1.46078

    Mar 2026
    -1.53in Sep 2023 (+0.07)

    personal safety diff - public transport

    -1.210784

    Mar 2026
    -1.77in Sep 2023 (+0.56)

    personal safety diff - bicycle

    -0.7254902

    Mar 2026
    -0.99in Sep 2023 (+0.26)

    traffic safety diff - taxi

    -0.2941177

    Mar 2026
    -0.27in Sep 2023 (-0.02)

    safety diff - public transport

    0.7352941

    Mar 2026
    0.41in Sep 2023 (+0.33)

    safety diff - bicycle

    -0.509804

    Mar 2026
    -0.87in Sep 2023 (+0.36)
    Intention level to use NSM
    % of respondents intending to use of continue using NSM

    car-sharing

    0%

    Mar 2026
    18%in Sep 2023 (-18.00%)

    micro-mobility

    0%

    Mar 2026
    20%in Sep 2023 (-20.00%)

    ride-hailing

    81%

    Mar 2026
    55%in Sep 2023 (+26.36%)
    User satisfaction
    % of satisfied users

    70%

    March 2026

    41% in 2023

    +28.68%
    Transport System - Cost
    Travel cost ratio
    cost ratio of using NSM+PT over private car

    public transport #1

    0.5x

    Jan 2026
    0.3xin Sep 2023 (-0.16x)

    car sharing #1

    1.6x

    Jan 2026
    1.0xin Sep 2023 (-0.60x)

    micro-mobility #1

    1.1x

    Jan 2026
    0.3xin Sep 2023 (-0.70x)

    micro-mobility #2

    0.2x

    Sep 2023
    0.2xin Sep 2023 (0.00x)

    ride-hailing and shuttle services #1

    2.5x

    Jan 2026
    1.5xin Sep 2023 (-1.04x)

    ride-hailing and shuttle services #2

    1.3x

    Jan 2026
    0.7xin Sep 2023 (-0.66x)

    public transport #2

    1.3x

    Jan 2026
    Perceived affordability
    % of monthly household budget spent in travelling

    11%

    March 2026

    12% in 2023

    +1.34%
    Impact - Environment
    Greenhouse emissions
    tons/y/cap

    0.2440508

    March 2026

    0.3477136 in 2023

    +0.10
    Impact - Economy
    Congestion and travel delays
    travel time ratio

    1.7x

    March 2026

    2.1x in 2023

    +0.42x